Solution Focused Groupwork – a couple of ideas

Dear reader,

Many times queries and inquiries come about how to use Solution Focused Approach to Groupwork. So here are some ideas.

About groups and group work

A group:

  • has members who might or might not know each other,
  • might or might not want to be there,
  • have individual aspirations,
  • have different levels of motivation to participate.
* A group circle centre

Groups are not teams (can be but not necessarily) – Solution Focused process might in some ways be more straightforward with teams because they already have a common goal or direction (or conflict!) but groups may not.

Same as working with individuals, in group work, the Solution Focused worker is totally in the unknown. It is also very likely that participants will not want to cooperate or expose themselves individually (especially adolescents for instance!). However, they might be very happy to get to know their other peers. The worker’s task is to communicate to the participants that they own the group work. Once they take the ownership of the activity, the rest of the process is rather simple. It’s similar to building the contract with individual clients – once you both agree on the direction, the Solution Focused process can start.

Compared to individual work, group work:

  • may be slower at each SF stage (more time for the contract, more time for the preferred future, etc., depending on the group size and facilitator’s approach to working with groups),
  • has a group dynamic going, which can affect the group work (i.e. some participants are more extravert than others, more willing to engage, etc.),
  • there is a risk to lose individual participants to keep the group running,
  • brings huge rewards and pleasure for the worker, as after building the contract (common group agreement and individual hopes), the group does most of the work itself, while the worker steps back, becomes the facilitator the process and holds the space for them.
*Group activity

Below is an example of the whole Solution Focused (SF) group process description. These exercises were developed through lots of failures and some successes working with diverse groups. It is very rare to have an opportunity to run the whole SF process, mainly because of lack of time. If so, you might want to choose what suits a certain group and group aim. Groupwork can pretty much take any facilitation methodology you come up with. If you like music, use music. If you like people to move around a lot, use that. The important thing is to be transparent with the group of what you are inviting them to do (the language of “inviting” rather than “getting” them to do something works better) and give very simple and clear instructions. This way it is likely that the group will perceive you as someone who is with them and will give them a chance to express their aspirations and needs, hence taking over the ownership.

  • Contract or building the platform

a) Introductions – when the group members do not know each other (or do not know each other well):

  • find a partner you don’t know (or don’t know well)
    • think of one thing you’re really pleased about (individually)
    • introduce yourself to your partner (name, what you do/where you come from, etc., what went well)
    • turn to another pair and make a four: introduce your partner by transforming what you heard about them into a compliment.

b) building common agreement (contract): from I to we (suitable for groups up to 50 where the common goal of the group is yet unknown):

  • What is my hope for this event (training, group meeting) as myself?
    • What is my hope from this event (how will I know this activity has been useful for me when it is over and I am back home)?
    • What do I need to function well in the group?
    • What do we need to function well in the group?

Each participant writes individually, then in their fours (or fives if the group is larger) discuss what they’ve written and create some “ingredients for the common agreement”. Then pick one person who will share it with the whole group. The facilitator then introduces the common agreement and a “parking lot” for additional rules and suggestions that might not have been addressed or might occur later.

  • Preferred Future

This can be done with the whole group at once, changing partners with each question. The exercise is exploring what the group members came for with their peers. The point is not to tell what they came for (not to disclose their best hopes)but only describe the difference it would make. If working on individual hopes, the facilitator invites the participants to think of something they want to change in their lives (a positive change). If working on group’s hopes, the miracle will change (insert what the group comes up with as a desired outcome, perhaps take it from the common group agreement).

Make a people carrousel (facing each other, each round changing partners) with questions such as:

  • Think of the weirdest question you could ask (invites them to the miracle, creates a lively atmosphere)
    • What in your life is already going well?
    • Imagine a miracle happened and what you came here for (or the purpose of the activity in case there is a very clear purpose to which everyone agrees) is already happening (is the best activity you ever attended). What would be the first sign to you?
    • What would be different for you in your life, if this miracle happened?
    • What gives you the confidence that you have got the potential to reach your desired outcome (in case it is the common outcome -what is already giving you the clues that you will benefit from this activity hugely?)
    • Which skills and resources are you already possessing that might support you on this journey (in case it is the activity itself, which skills and resources of yours will be most valuable in this group to make this activity worthwhile?)
    • Who would you most like to share your successes with when you return home? Why?
    • What will other group members be noticing about you that will tell them you are benefiting from the activity? (optional, only if everybody really wants to be there).
  • Instances of success

An example of tracking instances of success is the exercise called “Hot seats”. You can change the setting based on whether the group is focused on individual or group outcomes. This exercise is only appropriate when there is enough group trust and enough time for everyone to sit on “hot seats”.

The setting:

  • Having someone present a case/plan/idea
  • Having two or three people asking more details around their case/plan/idea
  • Having the audience tracking instances of success, such as observing what in this idea/plan is already going well. When people in other hot seats stop asking questions, the audience provides appreciative feedback to the person presenting their case/idea.
  • Using scales in group work

Can be done for very different purposes, for instance:

  • to check with the group where we are during the activity (10 is you are benefiting perfectly from the activity and 1 is you are not benefiting at all – on a scale mark where you are currently, then explore together how come it is not lower and what would be the signs of a n+1)
    • to get ideas from peers (scaling walk, useful to close the activity)
    • to track footsteps into signs of progress (useful to close the activity)
    • etc.

Closing

a) When the group is mature and coming towards an end:

Stick papers on each other’s backs. Each participant writes things they appreciated about other participants on their back. They mingle among themselves with the aim to write to as many backs they can. At the same time others will write on their own backs and the key is not to pay attention who is writing on your back.

After 10-15 mins or so (depending on the group’s size), come back and sit in a circle. Take the papers off your back and read it. Pick three things that touched you most and write them on a small piece of paper to keep with you forever. Share in a circle (optional).

b) in crisis situations

Have a cubicle and a list of 6 SF questions such as What do we have to get right, how will we know we are moving forward, What is still working well, etc. and offer participants to randomly throw it at each other. This activity rearranges the power relations and returns the ownership of the activity to the group.

c) final closing

Allow the group to organise itself how they would like to close the activity. It can be sharing in the circle, using some symbol cards (i.e. Dixit cards) and hold the space for their comments, questions, curiosity. 

*All of these exercises can be adapted for online groups, using digital tools.

*Group activity

Hope you found this article useful, do give it a go and share it as you wish. And if you would like to sharpen your skills as a group leader and facilitator, Chris Iveson and myself will run another groupwork course at BRIEF in autumn 2022. These courses are incredible and always lead to new innovations, for example this one from last year:

And some other very useful resources for group activities:

SF Activities: Rohrig, P., & Clarke, J. (Eds.). (2008). 57 SF Activities for Facilitators and Consultants: Putting Solutions Focus Into Action. Solutions Books.

Different methodologies: Salto-youth Toolbox for Training: https://www.salto-youth.net/tools/toolbox/ (accessed on Mar 11th 2022).

Wishing you lots of fun with your groups!

Biba

*A group of international group trainers from Prague

New webinar on Wednesday: Introduction to Solution Focused Approach and a free intro training

Dear reader,

you might have been puzzled or intrigued by all the talk and chatter about the Solution Focused Approach. This site hopefully provides some sort of start so that you can get an idea of what that is, but if you’d like to know more, I’m pleased to announce that this upcoming Wednesday I am hosting a short webinar on the topic.

In the webinar, I’m going to walk you through and introducing you to an approach that changed my professional (and bits of personal) life. If you’ll feel like this might be for you, I’ll also present an opportunity for you to get trained in the basics of the approach – for free. For the past year, we have worked hard with partners from Estonia and Poland to make this happen and now it’s finally here – a brand new online training that will teach you the basics and in this webinar I’ll be so pleased to give you a chance to see it and later on try it yourself should you wish to.

If you’d like to attend the webinar, please register here.

Hope to see you on Wednesday, 9am GMT+1 (10am CET).

With love,

Biba

2021 has brought a new course: Solution Focused Groupwork with Chris Iveson and Biba Rebolj

Dear reader,

Happy New Year, may it be called a Year of Hope and may it sprout all the seeds you have been planting over 2020!

If I have learned one new thing since the pandemic started, it has been running virtual groups, virtual teams, facilitating virtual meetings and delivering trainings online. And to be honest, I have been enjoying it massively! All the discoveries and possibilities that online environment offers very early on outweighed the doubts and frustrations for not being able to meet face to face. Below is an example of one such event, where Chris and I together delivered a hugely successful post-conference workshop in India. Literally, sky’s become no limit when it comes to running virtual groups. But as they say, it ain’t easy!

Solution Focused approach can be used in a wide variety of fields and settings, ranging from therapy to management, and working with individuals or with groups. Solution Focused Groupwork, whether as therapy, training, support, coaching, or facilitation, and in classes, meetings and other settings, on-line and face-to-face, offers huge potential and can be a very cost-effective, practical and enjoyable way of working with several people at the same time, whether a few or several dozen. It also requires a somewhat different application of Solution Focused skills to those used in individual work. And here’s what Chris and I have prepared for you for 2021: a two day course in Solution Focused Groupwork, that will be delivered online!

In this course, you will explore with Chris and myself how to apply the Solution Focused approach in a variety of settings, both virtual and ‘real’. Chris and I have worked with groups of children, young people, parents, trauma survivors, women in violent relationships, teams and leadership groups. With this experience, together with your experience and skills, you can expect two days of lively, creative, inspiring and highly practical applications of the principles of Solution Focused Groupwork. You will then want to use the what you have learned with your groups immediately, whether you have been working in group settings for a long time, or are thinking of starting to do so. And even if you are already experienced in using the SF approach in your practice, you will gain lots of new skills and ideas from this course.

During our two days together, we will explore the following topics:

  • Off to a good start: group warm up & group contracting
  • Group spirit & formation: building collaboration, safety, curiosity and respect
  • Using the group as a resource to make change simple: preferred future
  • Group discovery of histories of preferred futures: what is already working
  • Using scales in Groupwork
  • Solution Focused negotiating in/with the group
  • Solution Focused debriefing and reflection in groups
  • Group endings: backpack of ideas for after the group stops meeting
  • Various group formats, size, settings and duration: adapting SF
  • How to plan Groupwork & stay SF in it (when things go left instead of right)

This workshop will prove invaluable in providing a core set of basic principles for conducting any type of group I which you want to maximise the constructive contribution of all group members.

Chris Iveson and BRIEF, the leading training provider of Solution Focused Practice, have been my first teachers of SF when I accidentally bumped into it in 2014. And since, have remained my nr. 1. Over the past years, Chris and I grew closer as colleagues, friends and especially since 2019, co-trainers. Having workshops delivered for larger groups as well as boutique teams (in 2020 we visited Pakistan, India and Iran) we discovered that our training styles and diverse experience uniquely complement each other, so we decided to run this course for you.

Chris Iveson founded BRIEF with his colleagues, Evan George and Harvey Ratner in 1989 and with them has been developing the most minimal and simplified version of this world-wide phenomenon, Solution Focused Practice. He is author and co-author of many books about the approach, including the much-translated Solution Focused Brief Therapy: 100 Key Points and Techniques and Brief Coaching: A Solution Focused Approach. A former teacher, social worker and family therapist and manager Chris brings a wealth of experience to both his practice and teaching. He is also a well-respected presenter around the world.

I’ve been working with groups since 2008. My work varies from running groups in formal settings: university tutors, students with disabilities, academic staff, EU commission, Slovenian government as well as non formal education on international level under Erasmus+ and European Solidarity Corps. I’m experienced in running groups as well as teams of various sizes and durations, some of the topics of which include tolerance, youth entrepreneurship, human rights, peace education, inclusion, conflict resolution, stress management, mental health, solidarity and non-formal education.

This course will be epic. Details to register can be accessed here. Chris and I are looking forward to welcome you on board!

With love and from life,

Biba

Biba and Chris

What if vs. what is: why Solution Focused approach isn’t about the positive

Dear reader,

nowadays you may come across many tips, strategies and theories that are solution-focused, future oriented and try to emphasise the positive, like:

  • positive affirmations
  • visualisation
  • CBT
  • NLP
  • positive psychology
  • growth mindset
  • etc.

What these approaches all have in common is, that they steer away from looking for what’s wrong and instead focus on the opposite: what’s working, positive, what’s wanted, etc. If taking for example, they are focusing on what if (your life was XXX – insert the preferred term). We have got quite some evidence showing that for instance, expressing gratitude, writing letters of appreciation, practising positivity and the like tasks, bring about fruitful results. And we also have evidence that in many cases these results do not last.

I do not wish to go into the discussion and critique other approaches. But I do wish to draw the line of what makes Solution Focused approach different to other solution and future oriented approaches. So here are a few of my arguments:

  • Solution Focused is not about solutions. It is about the solution context, as Evan George from BRIEF likes to say. Which makes SF not interested in concrete action, steps, which in many cases do not happen for various reasons. It is instead interested in signs. Which are always present, regardless of the action.
  • Solution Focused is about preferred future. It stays close to the description of the client’s future, therefore we do not insert any adjectives such as positive, better, grand, fulfilling, etc. We simply call it “preferred”, which means that our clients define what preferred is. Thus we are not emphasising the positives. Which brings me to:
  • Solution Focused is not about the positive. It is about what is wanted and what is working. For instance, if a client whose partner died tragically in an accident, for such client the term “positive” may not suit, as it is overly ambitious and all in all, not suitable. Still, they may want to find comfort, peace or just time to pause and deal with grief and loss. Many people do not live lives that enable them to even think about positive. This does not mean that they have stopped living, though some of them might have tried to end their lives.
  • Solution Focused has no agenda of what is working. The previously mentioned evidence which shows correlation of certain tasks with desired change, is left aside in SF approach. Simply because it comes from research and thus leaves a possibility that it might not work for our client. Instead, we believe that our clients are capable of designing their own strategies of what is working for them and more, they already have the skills and resources to follow these strategies if they choose to do so. Oddly, SF research shows, that when the practitioner lets go of their own agenda, their willingness to offer useful tips and advice as well as let go of being interested in what clients will do after the session, clients’ progress towards change happens faster. Thus, tasks are not necessary and may even be a burden to change.
  • Solution Focused is not following “fake it till you make it” rule. Yes, it does work with the “what if” concept, but it rather brings it into description of “what is”. Therefore, it does not require effort to pretend the “what if”, instead it invites our clients to notice the “what if” into “what is”. Again, emphasis is on working with concepts and descriptions our clients give us – not what we think they might need or want.

This may sound simple. And it is. There is no grand theory or vast knowledge in the practitioner’s purse and backpack. Instead they come into the conversation as a blank page and try not to read between the lines, either trying to figure out what the client “really” wants and “really” says. But this is far from easy. Whenever I train professionals in SF, they say after trying out a couple of exercises, that this is the hardest part. I couldn’t agree more. And this makes a profound distinction comparing SF to any other approach, even though the core interest and focus may be the same. But SF’s viewpoint and paradigm make it very, very unique. Which in my opinion allows it to be effective with people, who find themselves in all sort of life situations, across cultures and with different levels of motivation or abilities to make change happen.

This autumn, I will be going new places to teach Solution Focused Brief Therapy: Georgia in September, Greece in October and India in December. I cannot wait to meet new professionals, explore SF with them and share my passion.

Biba

IMG_8136

A poster I often use in my trainings. Everybody has preferred future – but it makes a big difference who defines it and how.

A Patient Cured is a Customer Lost (about ethics in therapy and coaching)

Dear reader,

This came across as I was sipping my morning coffee. In therapy and coaching, there are numerous examples of unethical practices and behaviours. One of them is surely keeping clients in therapy or coaching process longer than necessary and useful for them and sometimes these intentions might be profit driven.

When I deliver trainings in Solution Focused Practice for professionals around the EU and UK, I often tell them that if they want to become rich, they have to change to another modality. SF process is brief and if one is surviving on clients only, one might either become really good at constantly and frequently attracting new clients, or make their living elsewhere (or be unethical, which I will not consider at all atm).

Solution Focused Practice will invite you to think about your preferred future. It will help you describe new ways of living for yourself and might open up new possibilities of a future you consider worth living. It will not tell you what to do and will not provide an explanation of why you haven’t managed to get there yet (or reversed, why you have been in the situation you do not want to be in). The research across cultures, countries and settings shows to have lasting effects comparable to any other type of therapy or coaching, with the difference that you arrive at your desired outcome faster. So why do more, when you can do less? Why spend half of your life in therapy if there are other, faster and lighter options with the same outlooks?

And one more thing re below picture. Therapy and coaching in my modest opinion, are not business services. They should not correlate to one’s ability to pay or afford it. The practitioner should always strive to be brief – not do one session more than what is absolutely necessary. And the “necessity” should always be determined by the client, not your expert opinion. So when the patient feels well, they should not be given extra drugs “just in case” or when the client feels they are able to move on or live their life in the way that is right for them, they should not be imposed another session “just in case”. If they ask for it, that’s a different thing altogether.

So whenever you meet a therapist or coach who will tell you in advance how many sessions it will take, walk away. They have no ways of knowing and their theories are merely theories – they help us think, but not always act.

Some Monday, huh? Wish you a good week ahead,

Biba

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Borrowed from Facebook.

 

What makes Solution Focused Practice so special?

Dear reader,

today is such a special day for me. I am officially finished with my PhD. Today my husband is submitting it on my behalf and the thesis is ready to be defended in a couple of months and then I’ll be a doctor. This has been on my mind for the past 6 months at least and all of a sudden I cannot believe it’s over.

Now I am fully up and present to move on, no rest. Doing one SF training in Wales in a couple of days, then another one in early January in Brighton and by the end of January, another one in Stratford upon Avon. Teaching people and agencies how to use Solution Focused Brief Therapy in their line of work, is an enjoyable experience, especially when working with experienced professionals who are looking for techniques and models to enhance their practice.

A legit question that often arises from such professionals is:

Why should I attend a training in SF? What benefits will it have for my practice? What makes SF special?

A shortest answer I can offer is, that what makes SF so special is, that there is nothing grand about it. SF is very simple. One can learn it as quickly as four days of intensive training. One can use it immediately in wide variety of settings – therapy, coaching, training, groupwork, counselling, etc. There is absolutely nothing special about it. No grand theories, explanations, revelations. Only small questions, which have over time with extensive research been proven to lead to rapid change. SF was born “bottom – up” – from empirical need to do something that works, especially in crisis situations. This was more than 30 years ago. Since the first model of Steve de Shazer, Insoo Kim Berg and their colleagues, it has spread and developed across the world differently. The model that I personally value most, has taken it to the core of minimalism, following the principle of “less is more” and Occam’s razor which has been developed by BRIEF in London.

Let me share a personal story. 10 years ago, I used to work at the university as a coordinator of supporting services for disabled students. In doing so, I had to manage a couple of tutors and was often in contact with students themselves. We have received basic training in various approaches, including CBT, NLP, transactional analysis, as well as various motivational techniques. Then we had lots of inputs on psychological theories about different human conditions, with special focus on mental health issues. So I was “well equipped” and have also done lots of research and reading myself. Yet somehow, it all came to an end, when I was sitting together with a student, feeling hopeless because we were both trying really hard and no or very little progress. I “understood” everything the student was going through and came up with brilliant advice, still nothing. I listened to their stories, often heartbreaking and I couldn’t sleep at night because I cared too much and seemed not to have found something that would work for the student to have a better future. Not to be misunderstood – we still delivered good service, but it was a long, often painful process with lots of tasks and assessments.

Then coincidentally, I ran across SF. I did not know about it as in my home country it was widely unknown. It happened on my research visit abroad and the first time I saw it, I couldn’t believe it. It was exactly what I was looking for – it was brief, simple, future focused and (here comes the best part) it wasn’t at all about explanation. All of a sudden it was not me, who had to come up with an idea of what a student should/might do. All of a sudden I could let go and do away with all the explanations about why something’s happened, what that means and where it would lead to. Nothing. And yet, it seemed to work. So I stayed with this clinic and got extensive training in SF. Soon I could not do it any other way and my students loved it, but university did not, so I left and started on my own. Ever since, I have continued to be interested in new approaches, yet it all comes back to SF and I’ve not yet met any other approach who would view and work with clients in the same way. Not even appreciative inquiry, as one of SF closest relatives.

In order to fully see what SF has to offer, one has to see it in practice. In therapy. Real work. When we say, that in therapy our clients are the experts, we really mean it. And this is not easy. SF may be simple, but is far from easy. You know, it is easy to write a 370 pages of a dissertation, but explain what it is about in a couple of sentences, that’s something else. That’s why I would always strive towards showing my work with real clients in my trainings. People I’ve worked with have often had longterm problems, addictions or mental health conditions, yet our sessions are full of laughter, hope, joy and most important, our work ends soon as the client achieves what they want quicker. Yet still seems to have long lasting results. So different to my old practice which never felt quite right, yet I did not know any better.

So what SF has to offer for experienced professionals who are already doing a good job, is on one hand simple tools, techniques and powerful questions one can add to their current ways of working, especially, if one is looking for ways how to become even more efficient and considerably briefer. Or it can totally transform your professional life because when embracing SF mindset and truly let the clients expertise shine, one cannot (and I’ve done my own research on that among EU youth trainers), really, cannot burn out.

To sum up – if “newer” approaches, that are more focused towards the future, instead of the past or are making shift from problems towards solutions are of interest to you, then I would wholeheartedly recommend giving SF a go. I only wish I knew about it years ago, however that does not change my gratitude and pleasure I am having now in my clinical and training practice.

Happy December 3rd!

Biba

IMG_5099

I sincerely hope you think I am nuts and that it cannot be that simple. That’s exactly how I felt when I first read about SF. Then I saw it. And that made all the difference.

Guest post: “I’ll be ok if…”

Dear reader,

I’ve been so privileged to have met wonderful people on my journey. People who have inspired me, people who have been silly with my, people who have laughed and cried with me. Today I am giving you Chris. He is a Registered Mental Health Nurse, employed as a Wellbeing Advisor at a university. Most of his time is spent talking with students about how they may overcome any difficulties and achieve their aspirations. Chris once told me he wants to make a wider impact by spreading joy. I think it joy one of the highest purposes of life, so I suggested he writes something for us. Here it goes, hope you’ll enjoy it ❤

How do you know when you are at your best? What do you do in those moments? What might it look like to other people? What might you still be doing, and what might other people see if you still somehow manage to experience a moment in which you are at your best even when everything is going wrong? When nothing in your life in that moment is the way you’d prefer it to be?

In between the moments when you experience that, even during lengthy spells when you experience a major setback and don’t recognise yourself as that person any more, but instead find everything about how you’re behaving, thinking and feeling distasteful, yet maybe also strangely compelling, when you can’t remember how to be any other way… What are the different things you do during those spells that somehow deliver you back to the next moment, even if it’s only a fleeting moment, in which you are again at your best? The things you’re doing differently in that moment, compared to how you were doing them in the previous moment, when everything was wrong and nothing was working?

Whatever those things are, they are your things, hard earnt things, and they clearly work.

What might happen if you do more of them?

Your instinct is probably at least partly trustworthy, you probably will be ok if… you do the things that work for you. Not necessarily the things you feel compelled to do at first, out of habit or some notion of what you probably should do, but the things that genuinely work for you, as proven by subsequently resulting in you, and the other people in your life, recognising that you are a step closer to being you at your best. Rather handily, whether you do these things or not in any given moment, you’ve seen the pattern, you know how this goes; eventually you’ll be ok again. Then you wont. Then you will. Then you wont. Then you will. When you’re not ok, sooner or later you’ll do something different that works for you, then you’ll be ok. If you’re not sure what it’ll be, wait and see, and whilst you’re waiting, ask yourself how you’ll know when you’re ok again, or even better, when you’re at your best.

Chris Ward for Biba’s blog

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Terapija pod drobnogledom

Dragi moji bralci,

Tole je članek, za katerega sem pred petnajstimi leti obupano hrepenela, da ga bo kdo napisal. Ker ga ni, ga bom napisala pač jaz. Članek ne odraža mnenja stroke, temveč zgolj in edino moje lastno. Vem pa, da se bo v njem marsikdo našel. Tako v strinjanju, kot v nestrinjanju. Za razliko od mojih angleških člankov, je ta namenjen moji državici in mojim slovenskim bralcem. Ker mi je mar.

Terapevtom danes na trgu ni težko, saj povpraševanje in klientela raste hitreje, kot kdajkoli.

Terapevti, zlasti tisti z osnovno izobrazbo iz psihologije, pogosto trdijo da vedo kako deluje naš um, kako ustvarjamo in negujemo naša razmerja ter medsebojne odnose, zakaj se vedemo kot se, ipd. Posledično vedo tudi, kako lahko rešimo težave na teh področjih če le-te nastanejo. Resnično življenje nam vsak dan znova kaže, da je to nesmisel, pa vendar se v terapiji radi zatekamo k raznoraznim teorijam, ki nam razlagajo človeško mišljenje, vedenje, čutenje ter ponujajo rešitve za nastale težave in motnje na teh področjih.

Ob začetkih moje svetovalne kariere, ko sem se seznanjala z različnimi teorijami in bila deležna mnogih usposabljanj, sem verjela, da večina naših duševnih (in tudi marsikaterih fizičnih) težav izvira iz nerešenih stisk ali travm iz preteklosti. Verjela sem tudi, da otroci katerih starši se ločujejo, često razvijejo raznorazne vedenjske težave zato, da bi obdržali očeta in mater v zakonski zvezi. Verjeli ali ne, ta prepričanja sem prelila tudi na moje kliente, ki so jih posvojili in označili kot logične, razumljive in smiselne. Vendar pa sem kasneje odkrila, da so vse velike psihološke teorije (Freudova in Jungova psihoanaliza, narativna teorija, kognitivno vedenjska teorija, sistemska teorija, ipd.) zgolj in samo bolj ali manj posrečene metafore – različni načini kako spretno uporabiti besede za to, da bi upodobili, ubesedili in razložili nekaj, česar se najverjetneje ne da razložiti. Strinjam se, da so teorije kot metafore ali prispodobe lahko zelo ustvarjalne in navdihujoče, saj odpirajo mnoge razprave in omogočajo soočenje različnih pogledov. Toda kadar te teorije jemljemo kot “splošne resnice”, takrat postanejo oklepi, v katerih se klienti prej ali slej počutijo slabo, saj ima vsaka teorija nujno v sebi večjo ali manjšo vrzel. Seveda obstajajo primeri, kadar je obisk pri terapevtu povsem razumen in smiseln: veliko bolje je poiskati pomoč pri terapevtu kot pa npr. ločitev, dolgotrajna huda depresija, samomorilno vedenje ali ubijajoč odnos s staršem, otrokom ali kom drugim. Vendar je pri izbiri terapevta treba biti previden, da le-ta ni slepo zavezan svoji teoriji. To lahko ugotovite po tem ali bo vaš potencialni terapevt že vnaprej vedel koliko časa bosta potrebovala, da bodo srečanja učinkovita ali pa tega ne bo znal vnaprej napovedati, bo pa vsekakor upal, da bo to manj kot deset srečanj.

Nikakor ni moj namen spuščati se v konflikt z vzemimo za primer anonimnimi alkoholiki, zlasti ne, ker so mnogi moji klienti, ki se skušajo odvaditi odvisnosti od alkohola pri njih našli boljše zatočišče in bolj uporabno pomoč kot pri marsikaterih profesionalnih terapevtih. Vendar pa se ne morem strinjati z njihovo priljubljeno tezo, da »zato ker alkoholik nisi postal/-a čez noč ne moreš pričakovati, da boš prenehal/-a piti čez noč«, saj je ta teza tako daleč od resnice, kot je Nova Zelandija od Slovenije. Z zgornjo tezo, da se sprememba ne more zgoditi hitro, se strinja tudi veliko terapevtov. In tukaj imam težavo: kako lahko vedo, kaj bo posameznik ali posameznica naredila jutri oziroma česa ne bo? Kako lahko vedo koliko je za nekoga nekaj težko ali enostavno? Nekateri ljudje spremembe naredijo čez noč. Drugi pač ne. Večina nas je nekje vmes. Kar se mi zdi pri tej zadevi bistveno je to, da terapevti ne morejo (in ne smejo!) misliti, da vedo. Česar pa se morajo zavedati in upoštevati je dejstvo, da se bo večina terapij končala v manj kot desetih srečanjih ne glede na to kaj terapevt misli, da bi se moralo zgoditi in kdaj. V času, odkar v Londonu delam klinično in so med mojimi klienti tudi takšni, ki so diagnosticirani s hudimi psihičnimi boleznimi in takšni, ki so označeni kot ‘brezupni primeri’, se mi je opazovanje, da večina ljudi doseže željeni napredek v manj kot desetih srečanjih, potrdilo. Podobno opažam tudi pri mojih mentorjih in supervizorjih, le da je njihov uspeh s klienti še očitnejši. Skratka: kadar zaupamo klientom in ne sledimo svojim lastnim teorijam, se bo večina efektivnega dela in napredka zgodila do nekje desetega srečanja. Po tem času se napredek ustavi in izgublja svojo vrednost. S tem ne trdim, da so dolgotrajne terapije brez vrednosti. Mnogi klienti bodo povedali, da jim je dolgotrajna terapija zelo pomagala, vendar se moramo zavedati, da je teh klientov znotraj vseh klientov relativno malo. Veliko jih je, ki so v postopkih dolgotrajnih terapij popolnoma brez potrebe in brez učinka. Kar je sramotno za profesijo in ponižujoče do klientov.

In sedaj moje zlobno dejanje, saj bom vrgla kamen v sveti gral in ga verjetno zbila s prestola. Pa mi je prav malo mar. Dotaknila se bom nečesa, čemur pravimo terapevtski odnos. Kdo potrebuje terapevtski odnos? Na BBC sem zasledila zanimivo oddajo, v kateri je terapevtka neposredno v kamero ponosno povedala, da je za nekatere od njenih klientov odnos z njo najpomembnejši odnos, ki ga bodo kdaj imeli v življenju. Kaj je to drugega od milo rečeno – kraje? Živimo zato, da imamo najrazličnejše odnose – da ljubimo, smo ljubljeni, imamo prijatelje, se spreminjamo skozi odnose, se skregamo, ponovno pobotamo, gremo dalje, itd. V kolikor nimamo odnosov, postanemo hudo osamljeni, nesrečni, celo samomorilni (saj poznate eno najhujših kazni, ki se ji reče samica?). V teh situacijah je vsekakor dobrodošla pomoč terapevta, vendar mora biti ta pomoč v skladu s kontekstom klientovega življenja, nikakor pa ne prevlada nad njihovim življenjem. Kakšna je vrednost odnosa, ki se konča takrat, kadar nam zmanjka denarja za terapijo? Da, včasih se zgodijo stvari in besede med klientom in terapevtom, ki nas vežejo tudi kasneje v življenju, včasih tudi takrat, ko bi bilo bolje, da se razidemo. Včasih terapevti postanemo najpomembnejši ljudje v posameznikovem življenju. In takrat se moramo opravičiti, saj smo z našo (preveliko) prezenco napoti nekomu, ki bi nas lahko zamenjal in zato ne bi bil plačan.

Bolj kot prizadevati si za ‘dober terapevtski odnos’ bi si po mojem mnenju terapevti morali prizadevati za to, da v klientovem življenju pustijo čim manjše sledi. Oziroma sploh nobenih sledi. Skušali naj bi imeti tako minimalen vpliv, da se jih klienti kasneje sploh ne bi več spomnili. Da pa bi to lahko dosegli, morajo terapevti veliko bolj kot svojim teorijam in celo sebi, zaupati klientu. Zavedati se morajo tudi, da ne glede na to kako uspešna je bila terapija in ne glede na to kako z lahkoto klienti nadaljujejo s svojim življenjem, so to še vedno njihova lastna življenja. Klienti lahko jutri naredijo zgolj to, za kar imajo potencial že danes. Terapevti pri svojem delu nikakor ne ustvarjajo ničesar novega, prav tako nimajo čarobne paličice, niti ne zdravijo. Svojim klientom preprosto pomagajo videti njihov lastni potencial in stvari, ki jih le-ti že imajo in jih lahko že uporabijo. Da to drži ve vsak od nas iz naših lastnih izkušenj. Nasveti drugih delujejo samo takrat, kadar se lahko usedejo na nekaj, kar je že v nas. Da, v življenju se zataknemo. Da, o tem razmišljamo, to analiziramo (včasih celo preveč). Nato preizkusimo raznorazne stvari, nekatere delujejo, druge ne. Mislimo, da nikoli ne bomo našli rešitve. Tako ponovno premislimo in poskusimo nekaj drugega, dokler ne najdemo nečesa, kar deluje. In glej – premaknemo se dalje! In kadar se obrnemo nazaj ter reflektiramo prehojeno pot, takrat pogosto odkrijemo, da smo se sekirali za brezveze ter da smo imeli rešitev takorekoč na dlani. Le gledali smo v napačno smer. Večino teh sprememb dosežemo brez velikega pompa, brez velike osebnostne transformacije, brez spreminjanja svojega sebstva, karkoli ta konstrukt že pomeni. Ostajamo isti »mi« pred spremembo in po spremembi, večina nas ne doživi neke velike osebne preobrazbe, niti je ni treba. Jaz sem nehala kaditi v enem dnevu po desetih letih kajenja. Zaenkrat nisem začela ponovno, niti ne čutim potrebe. Ozdravila sem se smrtne diagnoze. In za nobeno od teh dveh stvari ne morem reči, da je bila potrebna korenita sprememba identitete ali proces neke hude transformacije.

Dobra terapija je tako preprosto in zgolj pogovor, ki nam pomaga, da pogledamo na stvari iz drugega zornega kota ali da pogledamo za vogal, za katerega se nam je zdelo, da ni vredno pogledati ali smo preutrujeni, da bi pogledali sami. Dober terapevt vam bo pustil, da slišite svoj lastni glas. Spraševal vas bo vprašanja, ki se jih še niste vprašali zato da se boste lahko slišali odgovoriti stvari, ki jih še niste izrekli. Te stvari so potencialno lahko tiste, ki vam bodo odprla nova vrata, za katere ste morda pozabili, da obstajajo, morda niste vedeli, da obstajajo. Kadar se to zgodi vemo, da terapija deluje. Dober terapevtski odnos torej pomeni pomoč terapevta, da nam pomaga imeti dober odnos s sabo. Karkoli dober pomeni v naši lastni definiciji.

Zato danes pišem manifest o tem, kako se izogniti terapiji. Kadar se vam zdi, da potrebujete pomoč terapevta je zlato pravilo, da poskusite vse, kar je v vaši moči, da se tej pomoči izognete. Prvič zato, ker ne glede na to kar ste slišali, terapevti nimajo odgovorov na vaša vprašanja. V najboljšem primeru vam bodo pomagali najti odgovore sami – to je tudi njihova naloga. V večini primerov rešitve za naše situacije najdemo sami oziroma skupaj z našimi prijatelji in pomembnimi drugimi. Samo znati moramo pogledati na prave konce. Tukaj jih je zbranih nekaj:

  • Ne zamenjujte življenja in problemov. Življenje je eno sranje za drugim. Problemi so isto sranje vedno znova. Življenje nam prinese, kar nam prinese in to je to. Jebiga, nekateri imajo srečo, drugi je nimamo. Nekateri so se rodili v funkcionalne družine, s talenti, drugi se nismo. Jebiga. Kako se bomo soočali z temi izzivi je tisto, kar šteje. Dobili smo karte, kako bomo z njimi igrali, je v naših rokah. Torej od tega kako se soočamo in odzivamo na življenje je odvisno koliko problemov bomo imeli (in rešitev). Prepogosto svetovalci in terapevti zamenjujejo življenje za probleme. Samo poglejte koliko ljudi je dnevno napotenih k strokovnjakom, kadar se jim zgodi še posebej stresen življenjski dogodek! Vsakega od nas lahko jutri povozi avto. No, vsakega, ki gre ven iz svojega stanovanja in v določenem času prečka cesto. Vsakemu lahko teoretično jutri pade klavir na glavo. Lahko se znajdemo v enem od terorističnih ali drugih napadov. Na to se bomo odzvali zelo različno, od »tole je pa zanimiva zgodba za vnuke« do »biti zunaj je nevarno, bolje da ostanem doma in nikoli več ne grem ven«. Avto, klavir ali napad sami po sebi nikoli niso problem. So življenje. In žal sranje. To, da zaradi tega nikoli več ne bomo zapustili varnega zavetja doma, pa je problem! Zato si dajte čas, kadar vam življenje postreže s sranjem, preden se samodiagnosticirate in odločite, da ste razvili problematičen vzorec okoli tega. V takšni situaciji boste bolj kot karkoli drugega potrebovali predvsem ramo nekoga, na kateri se boste lahko odkrito in glasno zjokali. Te pa navadno pridejo brezplačno.
  • Kadar razmišljamo o terapiji, smo ponavadi že tako globoko v našem problemu, da le-ta zakriva večino našega horizonta in jemlje večji del našega časa. To nam ovira proces odkrivanja rešitev. Najenostavnejša strategija, ki je lahko uporabna v tej situaciji je preprosta, a ne enostavna: vsak dan porabite nekaj časa za razmišljanje o stvareh, ki so vsaj približno pozitivne v vašem življenju. To NI »THINK POSITIVE« MANTRA, temveč je zgolj ohranjanje pogleda (in prostora) na stvari, ki so že v vašem življenju in za katere bi radi, da bi bile v njem še naprej, tudi takrat, ko vašega problema ne bo več. To vam bo pomagalo narediti več prostora v vaši glavi za potencialne rešitve, saj se ne boste toliko ukvarjali z vašim problemom. Morda boste tako lahko pogledali preko vašega problema in videli kaj, česar do sedaj niste.
  • Predstavljajte si, da se jutri zjutraj zbudite in da je vaš problem čez noč izginil. Kaj bi bila prva stvar, ki bi jo opazili, ko bi se zjutraj zbudili, še preden vstanete? In kaj še? V kolikor je prvo znamenje, ki bi vam povedalo, da vašega problema ni več ta, da boste vstali bolj sveži in spočiti, si skušajte predstavljati kako bi to zgledalo, če bi se gledali na video posnetku. Kakšno razliko bi to pomenilo glede na to kako ste vstali danes? Kakšno razliko bi to pomenilo za vaše celotno jutro, če bi vstali bolj sveži in spočiti? Kadar se potopimo globoko v naš problem in mu pustimo, da zagreni nas in vse okoli nas, je presenetljivo kako hitro in zlahka pozabimo kakšna oseba smo običajno. Pozabimo, da smo morda oseba, ki je včasih z veseljem vstajala in se je veselila dneva pred sabo. Namesto tega se pričnemo samodefinirati ne le da imamo problem, temveč da smo postali problem, s čimer zelo slabo vplivamo na potencial, ki ga imamo. Spominjanje našega potenciala na način, da si predstavljamo kako bi zgledalo naše jutro in naš dan brez problema nam pogosto pomaga, da (ponovno) vidimo morda že pozabljene aspekte naših življenj, kjer nas morda čakajo rešitve.
  • Izredno močna nadgradnja tega spominjanja v prihodnosti, ki se je učijo tudi udeleženci naših strokovnih usposabljanj, je predstavljanje boljše prihodnosti skozi oči naših pomembnih drugih. Kaj bi opazil vaš partner, cimer, otrok, mačka, papagaj da je drugače na vas na to jutro, ko se zbudite brez problema v življenje, ki ga želite? Kakšen učinek bi nanje imelo videti vas v takšnem stanju? Pogled skozi perspektive drugih nam lahko ponudi bogat vpogled v znanje, ki ga imamo o samemu sebi. Bolj kot se zavedamo svojih virov moči, bolj jih lahko začnemo (ponovno) uporabljati, zlasti v časih, ko se nam zdi, da nimamo nikakršnih virov in sposobnosti.
  • Zavedajte se, da nihče ni popoln. To velja tudi za načine, kako živimo svoje probleme. Začetnika k rešitvam usmerjene terapije Steve de Shazer in Insoo Kim Berg sta bila prva, ki sta odkrila pomembnost naših pomanjkljivosti pri reševanju problemov. Ne glede na to kakšen problem imamo, vedno bodo obstajala obdobja, ko našega problema ne uspemo »delati popolno«, tj. vedno bodo obstajala obdobja izjem, ko se nam problem ne pojavlja oziroma se nam pojavlja manj pogosto. Tipičen primer za to je lahko oseba, odvisna od alkohola, ki iz nekega razloga na dan ko ima intervju za službo, ne pije. Ali pa oseba, diagnosticirana z agorafobijo, ki gre vsak dan iskat otroke v šolo, preprosto zato ker ni nikogar drugega, ki bi to lahko naredil. In ker je to pač »treba narediti«. Ta primer, ko oseba gre iz hiše, ne šteje, ravno tako kot v očeh osebe, odvisne od alkohola ti drobni redki dnevi, ko dobi povabilo na intervju »ne štejejo«. Pa vendar oba primera pričata o izjemni odločenosti premagati strah in odvisnost. Poskusite poiskati tudi najmanjše izjeme (morda vam bo pri tem lahko v pomoč kdo, ki vas zelo dobro pozna) in skušajte ugotoviti kaj takrat počnete drugače. V vsaki izmed teh izjem leži seme, iz katerih lahko vzklije rešitev za vaš problem.
  • Včasih same sebe težko vidimo, zlasti kadar skušamo poiskati svoje dobre strani in vire moči. Takrat se skušajte spomniti vašega prijatelja ali prijateljice, ki vas zelo dobro pozna ter katere/ga presoji zaupate. Razmislite kaj bi ta oseba znala povedati o vas. Zakaj vas jemlje kot vredno ali vrednega prijateljstva? Zakaj so z veseljem vaši prijatelji? V kolikor vam uspe, da se za nekaj časa pretvarjate, da nase gledate skozi oči tega prijatelja/prijateljice, toliko bolje. Lahko pa to osebo vprašate neposredno: zakaj si moja prijateljica, kaj vidiš v meni, zaradi česar si z veseljem moj prijatelj? Zato imamo prijatelje, da nam pomagajo videti naše najboljše izvedbe sebe. Bolj kot smo v stiku s svojimi najboljšimi verzijami, bolj smo odprti za priložnosti.
  • Vrnimo se k naši domišljiji. Tokrat si ne predstavljajte, da je vaš problem čez noč izginil, temveč si predstavljajte, da se jutri zbudite in se počutite kot riba v vodi, tj. v vaši najboljši koži – v dan, ko ste vaša absolutno najboljša verzija. Kaj bi opazili na takšno jutro, do najmanjših podrobnosti kot so denimo kako bi si pripravili zajtrk? Kaj bi opazila vaša družina, prijatelji, hišni ljubljenčki? Sodelavci? Celo sovražniki in tujci na cesti? Predstavljajte si različne kontekste in ljudi, s katerimi ste navadno v stiku ter skušajte nanizati čim več podrobnosti. Tudi to lahko zelo pomaga, da pridete v stik s svojimi lastnimi resursi in notranjimi viri moči, ki vam bodo pomagali odkriti potencialne rešitve.
  • Poskusite z lestvicami. Tale lestvica vam bo pomagala orisati malce drugačno perspektivo na vaš problem. Predstavljajte si lestvico od 0-10, kjer 10 pomeni življenje, ko vaš problem docela izgine in 0 pomeni najslabše kar je kdaj bilo, kje na lestvici ste trenutno? Kje bi želeli biti, da bi lahko rekli, da je »dovolj dobro«? Nato naštejte vse možne stvari, ki se jih lahko spomnite, ki so vam pomagale do vaše X – številke, kjer ste trenutno: torej kako to, da ste na X in ne nižje. Nato se vprašajte katera bodo znamenja, ki vam bodo povedala, da ste se začeli pomikati na lestvici navzgor. Obstaja velika verjetnost, da boste precej presenečeni nad razdaljo, ki ste jo že prepotovali in razdaljo, ki jo želite doseči, da bi se počutili ok. Prav tako boste verjetno presenečeni nad vsemi stvarmi, ki že obstajajo in vam pomagajo, da ste na X in ne nižje. Te stvari vam morda lahko pomagajo pri vaši nadaljnji poti proti željeni destinaciji.
  • Lahko si zastavite tudi bolj splošno lestvico, npr. 0-10 kjer 10 pomeni, da z vašim življenjem (delom, razmerjem, ipd.) ne bi mogli biti bolj zadovoljni in 0 pomeni nasprotno. Ponovno se vprašajte kje ste trenutno in nato kako to, da ste na X in ne nižje. To vam bo pomagalo videti stvari, ki v vašem življenju že delujejo in četudi vas to ne bo pripeljalo do rešitve, vam bo omogočilo dobre temelje za iskanje. Problemi ne postanejo nepremagljivi sami po sebi, temveč zato, ker izgubimo upanje, da jih bomo lahko rešili.
  • Kot zadnjo rešilno bilko, pokličite terapevta in se zmenite za srečanje. Nato se spomnite vseh obiskov pri vaših zdravnikih, zobarjih, svetovalcih, ipd. in časa, odkar ste se zmenili za obisk pa do dejanskega obiska. Verjetno imate izkušnje, da se je v tem času vaša situacija že močno izboljšala. In to ni naključje. Prvi korak k iskanju rešitve je že ta, da razmišljate o strokovni pomoči. In to je pogosto dovolj, da se proces razrešitve situacije začne. Steve de Shazer in Insoo Kim Berg sta odkrila, da se zadeve razrešijo same po sebi v približno sedemdesetih odstotkih primerov njunih klientov v času, ko so se naročili na srečanje pa do časa, ko so na srečanje dejansko prišli. Tudi pri svojem delu opažam, da veliko klientov pride na eno samo srečanje. Veliko se jih že tekom enega samega srečanja zave, da so svoj problem že začeli reševati sami. Morda bo tako tudi pri vas (vendar prej preverite pri terapevtu, da ne računa odpovednih stroškov!)

Toliko za danes. V enem od naslednjih člankov se bom razpisala še o tem kako izbrati pravega terapevta. Hvala za branje in – na življenje!

Biba (akreditirana psihoterapevtka iz k rešitvam usmerjene terapije pri UKASFP v Združenem Kraljesvtu)

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